HS2- cost vs benefits Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HS2- cost vs benefits - Dissertation Example TABLE 1: Report of HSR Documents in the UK YEAR REPORT AUTHOR KEY NOTES February, 2004 High Speed Rail: International comparisons Commission for Integrated Transport (CfIT) Geographical and demographic factors created differences in international markets. The current railway network in Britain’s network was in order. The rail network capacity was good. 2005 High Speed Line Study WS Atkins A forecast made on overcrowding of lines. There was need for investment in HSR with a check on economic case. 2016 proposed as the opening date for the project. December, 2006 The Eddington Transport Study Sir Rod Eddington The long distance connections never provided better connectivity in relation to the local connections that are short distanced. Doubts on real benefits of HSR considered. HSR could not reduce carbon emission. Other viable options for transport in long distances considered of lower costs than HSR. June, 2007 HS2 Proposition, the WCRL corridor Greengauge21 Due to capacity sh ortfall, HS2 proposed as the best option to solve the crisis. The costs earlier predicted about HSR seen as not logical. HSR network offered a continuation for HS1. A growth predicted on demand for WCML which will boost connection in the corridor and boost economic growth. January, 2009 High Speed Two Department for Transport The new government to consider construction of HS2. HS2 Company to be created so that it deals with network planning. HSR to address the problem of overcrowding. September, 2009 The case for new lines Network Rail A network configuration and service pattern proposal created. London was considered to be the main area in focus. WCML was the first HST alignment to be built. September, 2009 A step forward Greengauge21... This research will begin with the background knowledge on high speed rail. The high speed rail entered the UK in 2007 following the completion of Channel Tunnel to London. It was called Channel Tunnel Rail Link, currently referred to as High-Speed 1 or HS1. A political consensus on the construction of HSR network in UK for trains running with a maximum speed of 350 kmph is currently preferred. The next project is the construction of High Speed 2 that will connect London and the northern parts of UK. According to UK transport policy, HS2 is viewed as the most appropriate mode of transport for the region in relation to the increased demand for rail network and transport. An extensive study on the program in the year 2004 by different countries in the world revealed that UK had not implemented the High-Speed rail. Other countries like Germany, Japan, France and Spain had already adopted it. The study revealed that UK had not seen the need for High-Speed rail because of demand in the tra nsport sector. The available modes of transport were in a position to hold the capacity. Several reports drawn from the table show that a growing demand for rail transport cannot be met with the current network and therefore a viable solution should be sought to hold the situation. A further forecast for the future has enhanced its implementation. The reason backing HS2 was lack of capacity in UK rail network. The proposal for HS2 by Rail Network was after careful consideration on possible alternatives using WCML alignment.

Aldemar Hotel and Spa [Operations Management Case Study] Essay

Aldemar Hotel and Spa [Operations Management Case Study] - Essay Example Yield management has become particularly important in the travel and hospitality industry. This is primarily because the resources such as airline tickets and available rooms in a hotel are fixed and cannot be increased or decreased to manage the demand of the consumers at different periods of time (Barnes, 2008). This is also the main reason that yield management is so important for Aldemar. It allows the owner to manage the hotel’s limited resources which includes its rooms in the best possible manner. The managers at Aldemar cannot increase or decrease its room capacity to facilitate the demand of the customers. When there is increased demand of the rooms during holiday season, the management risks losing its important and loyal customers when the rooms are already booked and they cannot overbook due to its long-term impact of the customers’ perception and the hotel’s reputation. Similarly during low demand of the rooms, Aldemar faces issues of decreased reven ues and increased costs as rooms require maintenance and the organization has to pay for its overhead costs that remain more and less constant during all seasons. With the help of yield management, Aldemar can hope to move certain customers during the off-season thus keeping room occupancies more or less constant. What other approaches to capacity management could Aldemar use? There are other different approaches to capacity management that Aldemar can benefit from. One of them includes promotion. Aldemar Hotels can use promotion as a mode of attracting consumers during the off-peak season. They can offer rooms at discounted prices or could introduce new features during the off-peak season. They could use their online website to promote such offers. Another approach to capacity management is product development that falls under the category of demand management. Demand management includes managing price, promotion, reservations, and waiting etc. During the off-season, Aldemar Hotels can offer certain services and products that would attract a high number of customers. Aldemar can for example shift the opening and closing times of their hotels to accommodate their guests. They could allow guests to benefit from tour guides for discounted rates during off-peak season. Aldemar could particularly benefit from using its spa for product development. It could introduce new offers or products for consumers during the off-peak season. The third approach is to adjust the changeable resources in line with the demand of the organization. This is known as chase demand that involves sub-contracting, hiring part time labor, multi skilling and participation of the customers. For example, during peaks seasons, Aldemar can hire extra part-time labor to make up for the increased work load. They could add or share their equipment through partnership agreements. Furthermore, Aldemar can delegate extra work during off-season period such as renovations in the hotel rooms. Critically assess Aldemar’s current yield management practices (e.g. the organizational structures, procedures, performance monitoring). Even though yield management has come forward as one of the best approaches for managing capacity for the hospitality industry, many organizations fail to incorporate this management strategy in the best of manner. In this manner, they lose a

Gay male culture Essay Example for Free

Gay male culture Essay American culture has focused much more heavily on gay men than on other members of the LGBT community. This may be due to larger numbers of men than women and it may also be due to gay men having more resources available to them to justify, explore and perform their sexuality. The western culture as a whole still sees men and male experience as the central experience in culture, even if the men in question are transgressing established gender norms. Gay culture relies upon secret symbols and codes woven into an overall straight context. The association of gay men with opera, ballet, professional sports, , musical theater, the Golden Age of Hollywood, and interior design began with wealthy homosexual men using the straight themes of these media to send their own signals. In the Marilyn Monroe film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a musical [filmfreakcentral. net] number features a woman singing while muscled men in revealing costumes dance around her. The mens costumes were designed by a man, the dance was choreographed by a man, and the dancers seem more interested in each other than in the female star, but her reassuring presence gets the sequence past the censors and fits it into an overall heterocentric theme. Today gay male culture is publicly acknowledged. Celebrities such as Liza Minnelli spent [topix. net] a significant amount of their social time with urban gay men, who were now popularly viewed as sophisticated and stylish by the jet set. Celebrities themselves were open about their relationships. Gay men cant be identified by the way they look or what kind of music they like. There are gay men in every field and all sorts of fashions and music. Lesbian culture A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. The history of lesbian culture over the last half-century has been linked to the evolution of feminism. Older stereotypes of lesbian women stressed a dichotomy between women who adhered to stereotypical male gender stereotypes (butch) and stereotypical female gender stereotypes (femme), and that typical lesbian couples consisted of butch/femme couples. Today, some lesbian women adhere to being either butch or femme, but these categories are much less rigid and there is no express expectation that a lesbian couple be butch/femme. There is a sub-culture within the lesbian community called Aristasia, where lesbians in the community adhere to exaggerated levels of femininity. In this culture, there are two genders, blonde and brunette, although they are unrelated to actual hair color. Brunettes are femme, yet blondes are even more so. Also notable are diesel dykes, extremely butch women who use male forms of dress and behavior, and who often work as truck drivers. Lipstick lesbian refers to feminine women who are attracted only to other feminine women. Bisexual culture In modern western culture Bisexual people are in the peculiar situation of receiving hatred or distrust [Lunde 1990] or even outright denial of their existence from some elements of both the straight and lesbian and gay populations. There is of course some element of general anti-LGBT feeling, but some people insist that bisexual people are unsure of their true feelings, that they are experimenting or going through a phase and that they eventually will or should decide or discover which (singular) sex they are sexually attracted to. One popular misconception is that [Lunde 1990] bisexuals find all humans sexually attractive. That is no truer than the idea that, say, all straight men would find all women sexually attractive. More people of all kinds are becoming aware that there are some people who find attractive sexual partners among both men and women sometimes equally, sometimes favoring one sex in particular . Distinctions exist between sexual orientation (attraction, inclination, preference, or desire), gender identity (self-identification or self-concept) and sexual behavior (the sex of ones actual sexual partners). For example, someone who may find people of either sex attractive might in practice have relationships only with people of one particular sex. Many bisexual people consider themselves to be part of the LGBT or Queer community [Barris, 2007]. In an effort to create both more visibility, and a symbol for the bisexual community to gather behind, Michael Page created the bisexual pride flag. The bisexual flag, which has a pink or red stripe at the top for homosexuality, a blue one on the bottom for heterosexuality and a purple one in the middle to represent bisexuality, as purple is from the combination of red and blue [Lunde 1990]. Transgender culture The study of transgender culture is complicated by the many and various ways in which cultures deal with gender [hrc. org]. For example, in many cultures, people who are attracted to people of the same sex — that is those who in contemporary Western culture would identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual — are classed as a third gender, together with people who would in the West be classified as transgender or transsexual. Also in the contemporary West, there are usually [hrc.org] several different groups of transgender and transsexual people, some of which are extremely exclusive, like groups only for transsexual women who explicitly want sex reassignment surgery or male, heterosexual only cross-dressers. Transmens groups are often, but not always, more inclusive. Groups aiming at all transgender people, both transmen and transwomen, have in most cases appeared only in the last few years. Some transgender or transsexual women and men however do not classify as being part of any specific trans culture. However there is a distinction between transgender and transsexual people who make their past known to others . Some wish to live according to their gender identity and not reveal this past, stating that they should be able to live in their true gender role in a normal way, and be in control of whom they choose to tell their past to. Epistemology of the closet. The expression being in the closet is used to describe keeping secret ones sexual behavior or orientation, most commonly homosexuality or bisexuality, but also including the gender identity of transgender and transsexual people [branconolilas.no. sapo. pt]. Being in the closet is more than being private, it is a life-shaping pattern of concealment where gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender individuals hide their sexuality/gender-identity in the most important areas of life, with family, friends, and at work. Individuals may marry or avoid certain jobs in order to avoid suspicion and exposure. Some will even claim to be heterosexual when asked directly. It is the power of the closet to shape the core of an individuals life that has made homosexuality into a significant personal, social, and political drama in twentieth-century America. (Seidman 2003, p. 25). Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, in her book Epistemology of the closet, majorly focuses on male homosexuality. She is also an intellectual who is interested in gay and lesbian studies, queer studies, gender studies, and feminism. Sedgwick (Seidman 2003, p. 25) â€Å"proposes that many of the major thoughts and knowledge in twentieth-century Western culture as a whole are structured—indeed fractured—by the now endemic crisis of homo/heterosexual definition, indicatively male, dating from the end of the nineteenth century†. Incoherent ideas about homosexuality inform the way men are acculturated in the modern West, and (Seidman 2003, p. 25) since this is so, this incoherence has come to mark society generally. Incoherence characterizes the attitude toward homosexuality in the West and is beyond debate. examples, are gay men ridiculous figures of fun or are they sexual monsters who prey on young children? ; is the homosexual a limp-wrested effeminate unsuited for the armed forces, or the lothario of the showers who will gaze upon and/or rape his fellow servicemen? ; Is sexuality an orientation or is it a choice?; are homosexuals born or are they made? ; essentialism or social constructionism? ; nature/nurture?. These are all part of the effect of this crisis in modern sexual definition. Sedgwick believes that it is impossible to adjudicate between these (Seidman 2003, p. 25). In describing in general terms the mass of contradictions that adhere to homosexuality, she proposes that one consider it in terms of an opposition between a minoritizing view and a universalizing one. A minoritizing view takes the position that homosexuality is of primary importance to a relatively small group of actual homosexuals. A universalizing view takes the position that homosexuality is of importance to persons across a wide range of sexualities. Under the universalizing view, one can put nurture, social-construction, choice and a warrant for social â€Å"engineering† to eradicate homosexuality(Seidman 2003, p. 25). Sedgwick says that the current debate in queer theory, between â€Å"constructivist† and â€Å"essentialist† understandings of homosexuality is the most recent link(Seidman 2003, p. 25). She goes on to conclude that the continuation of this debate is itself the most important feature of recent understandings of sex. The aim of the book is to explore the incoherent dispensation under which we now live. Through an examination of a number of mostly late nineteenth century literary and philosophical works, including (Seidman 2003, p. 25). Melvilles BILLY BUDD, Wildes THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY, various works of Nietzsche, James THE BEAST IN THE JUNGLE, Thackerays LOVEL THE WIDOWER, and Prousts REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST, Sedgwick discovers a number of pairs of opposing terms (binarisms) which she then shows to be inconsistent with and dependent upon each other. I found it fascinating to follow her explication of the ways in which these terms were related. Among the pairings that she assembles and dissects for our consideration are secrecy/disclosure, private/public, masculine/feminine, majority/minority, innocence/initiation, natural/artificial, new/old, growth/decadence, urbane/provincial, health/illness, same/different, cognition/paranoia, art/kitsch, sincerity/sentimentality, and voluntarity/addiction (Seidman 2003, p.25). She asserts that a true understanding of the force of the opposition of these terms must be grounded in the realization and acceptance that the content of all of these terms was determined around the turn of the century amid and through anxious questioning over who and what was homosexual. These opposing terms, all of which operate today, therefore have a residue of the homo/hetero definitional crisis(Seidman 2003, p. 25). In addition, Sedgwick perhaps delivers the coup de grace(Seidman 2003, p. 25), if such was needed, to sleek, masculine, modernist objective criticism. She demonstrates that modernist criticism finds its genesis in the homo/hetero definitional crisis and both its flight into and prizing of abstraction is a direct reflection of its homophobia.

Importances of shipping on indian economy

Importances of shipping on indian economy Introduction Shipping has played a huge role in the Indian economy. Geographically, almost half of Indias border is covered with sea. Talking in terms of international trade, the amount of trade done by land and air is very limited. Ninety percent of Indias in terms of volume and seventy seven percent in terms of value are carried by sea. This shows the amount of Indias dependence on shipping. The initial scenario where Indias balance of trade mostly showed higher imports as compared to the exports is now changing. Indias exports as compared to imports have increased to eight six percent in 2001-02 as compared to seventy five percent in 1990-91. In the year 2002 according to the reports of the WTO, India achieved fifteen percent growth rate in exports of merchandise goods which made it second highest in the world. Over 90% of world trade is carried by the international shipping industry. Without shipping the import and export of goods on the scale necessary for the modern world would not be possi ble. There are around 50,000 merchant ships trading internationally, transporting every kind of cargo. The world fleet is registered in over 150 nations, and manned by over a million seafarers of virtually every nationality. Ships are technically sophisticated, high value assets (larger hi-tech vessels can cost over US$150 million to build), and the operation of merchant ships generates an estimated annual income of over US$380 billion in freight rates, representing about 5% of the total global economy. For a countrys economy, the transportation sector is often viewed as an important barometer of growth. As more goods are consumed within a country, the transportation sector must grow accordingly in order to accommodate the transport of additional goods. And as the wheels of commerce turn with ever greater speed, so does the volume of passenger traffic. As a corollary, the location of manufacturing facilities and distribution centres can have a major impact on the growth of a country s transportation sector and transportation infrastructure. The relative location of these manufacturing facilities and distribution centres can dictate whether the country becomes a hub within a logistics network or a spoke in the wheel, serving in effect as a transit corridor. Such matters are of particular importance to emerging economies where transport and logistics infrastructure is in process of rapid development. If we look at the main drivers of Global Trade, they are Profitability i.e. price difference amongst various markets, Risk Spread which reduces the dependencies on one market, Uneven distribution of natural resources, Difference in level of technologies wherein some countries have higher level of technology and some have low, Difference in cost of production because at various places various industrial inputs are comparatively cheaper e.g. labour, electricity, technology, etc. If we closely look at exports, a country exports a particular thing which it may have naturally, for e.g. oil, or which it produces a lot for e.g. wheat, etc. But the more a country exports, the more foreign income it gains especially in the case of developing countries which increases its foreign reserves and ultimately resulting in the countrys more buying power and thus helping it to develop. Thus exports prove to be a boon for a country. If we talk about the total worldwide exports from the year 1980 to 2006, worldwide exports were valued at Year 1980 1990 2002 2004 2006 Value (Bn.$) 1,271 3,303 4,071 8,567 12,083 Countries have to rely on other countries for some goods which it does not have. So to import these goods, a country needs to have foreign exchange and for that a country relies on its exports. Generally a countries balance of trade should always be positive, i.e. its exports should be more than its imports. Thus shipping playing a huge role, the flow of cargos in the ports are huge. All the imports and exports of the whole country are being done by 12 major ports. Thus the movement of cargo in these ports is huge. To add on to this, imports and exports have to go through thorough checks and a lot of documentation. All cargo goods imported into the country or exported out of the country by sea, air, land or rail routes are governed by the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962 and other laws of the country related to entry/ exit from the country. Customs ensures that the import and export of goods are in compliance with the Customs Act and other laws in force. Accordingly, customs procedures are intended to provide definite, predictable methods by which the goods can enter the country and get cleared on payment of applicable import duties, fulfilling the requirements of the law of the land. Thoroughly going through all goods that are to be imported or exported requires great deal of time an d all this results into congestion at ports resulting into slow movement of the cargo and ships. These bottlenecks prove to be harmful for the countrys total international trade. To help remove congestion at ports, Government supports facilities such as C.F.S (Container Freight Stations) which prove to be dramatically useful in removing congestion at ports. The C.F.S helps a lot in reducing the total dwell time of cargo and its associated costs. CFS is a place where containers are stuffed, de-stuffed and aggregation/ segregation of export/import cargo takes place. With the growing volume of international trade, the need for expeditious clearance of goods at the port within the minimum possible time has been gaining importance. This is more so when the ports are facing congestion at their premises. Further, for optimal utilization of existing infrastructure, space, equipment, goods that are landed at ports need to be evacuated straight away without any loss of time. Accordingly the concept of Container Freight Stations (CFS) has grown in importance along with the development and growth of ports. A C.F.S proves to be beneficial for the importer, exporter, the port, and the country itself. It is helpful for the importer in terms that when goods arrive, the importer can directly take his goods to the C.F.S and do all the documentation while hi goods are the C.F.S. This helps him in saving paying penalties in terms of demrage if the clearance of goods takes more time than usual. It helps the exporter in terms that an exporter can stuff his container at the C.F.S premises and thus the container becomes ready to ship as soon as it reaches the port. This can save him from paying extra penalties if the normal stuffing took more time when being stuffed at the port itself. It is helpful for the port because it acts as an extended arm of the port and the regular activities like stuffing and destuffing of containers can be done at the C.F.S. The clearance of goods can be done while the goods are at the C.F.S and all this results into very low congestion at the port which makes the port functions smooth and easy. The vessels can be loaded and unloaded faster, which increases the total turnaround of the port. At present, when Indias total international trade is on boom, if the port can increase its efficiency, then it the total trade can dramatically increase which in turn benefits the country as a whole. Technology plays a huge role. Role of EDI. Exports now account for more than 10% of Indias $ 661 billion economy and the rate it growing continuously. C.F.S The Import Export Procedure. A C.F.S is a common user facility with public authority status equipped with fixed installations and offering services for handling and temporary storage of import/export laden and empty containers carried under customs control and with Customs and other agencies competent to clear goods for home use, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright export. Transshipment of cargo can also take place from such stations. A CFS is an extended arm of Port/ ICD Complex, where import/ export goods are kept till completion of their examination and clearance. The imported goods can be immediately shifted from the port to CFS which also helps in the reduction of port congestion. All the activities related to clearance of goods for home consumption, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright export and transshipments take place from such stations. Therefore, clearance of goods from CFS is an important point of consideration for trade in respect of export/ import Cargo as it is the final Customs contact point. The Main function of CFS is receipt, dispatch and clearance of Containerized Cargo, up-to-date inventory control and tracking system to locate containers/cargo. The goods received at ports are brought to CFS and stacked in CFS after verification of the seal by Customs Officers. C.F.S are bonded and secure areas, strategically located close to containe r ports, where multiple value added activities can be carried out at all stages of the supply chain logistics of containerized freight. These include container stuffing and de-stuffing, re-assembling in factory units machinery and vehicles which have been broken down into kit parts for shipping, goods labelling and packaging, full container handling and storage, temperature controlled storage, bonded storage, long term warehousing, road and rail transport services, cross docking and cargo handling consultancy. C.F.S I.C.D There is a difference between Container Freight Stations (CFS) and Inland Container Depots (ICD). In both the places, the imported goods or export goods are ordinarily kept before clearance by the Customs and where filing of Customs manifests, the same procedure is followed for the bills of entry, shipping bills and other declarations, assessment and all the activities related to clearance of goods for home consumption, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright export, transshipment, etc, take place. Functionally there is no distinction between an ICD/CFS as both are transit facilities, which offer services for containerization of break bulk cargo and vice-versa. These could be served by rail and/ or road transport. An ICD is generally located in the interiors (outside the port towns) of the country away from the servicing ports. CFS, on the other hand, is an off dock facility located near the servicing ports which helps in decong esting the port by shifting cargo and Customs related activities outside the port area. CFSs are largely expected to deal with break-bulk cargo originating/terminating in the immediate hinterland of a port any may also deal with rail borne traffic to and from inland locations. Thus the main difference between the both is their location. A C.F.S would be strategically located near a port. For a C.F.S to get certified, the first major thing it has to do is to locate itself within 200 kilometers radius to a port. Thus if goods are imported, they can directly be taken to a C.F.S within a short period. Whereas in the case of an I.C.D, it does not have any regulations as to its distance from any port. So a person can open an Inland Container Depot in Delhi but cannot open a C.F.S in Delhi. The only difference between them is the clause of C.F.S being close to a port. Functions OF CFSs The primary functions of CFS may be summed up as under: 1. Receipt and dispatch/delivery of cargo. 2. Stuffing and stripping of containers. 3. Transit operations by rail/road to and from serving ports. 4. Customs clearance. 5. Consolidation and desegregation of LCL cargo. 6. Temporary storage of cargo and containers. 7. Reworking of containers. 8. Maintenance and repair of container units. The operations of the ICDs/CFSs revolve around the following centres of activity:- 1. Rail Siding (in case of a rail based terminal) The place where container trains are received, dispatched and handled in a terminal. Similarly, the containers are loaded on and unloaded from rail wagons at the siding through overhead cranes and / or other lifting equipments. 2. Container Yard Container yard occupies the largest area in the ICD.CFS. It is stacking area were the export containers are aggregated prior to dispatch to port, import containers are stored till Customs clearance and where empties await onward movement. Likewise, some stacking areas are earmarked for keeping special containers such as refrigerated, hazardous, overweight/over-length, etc. 3. Warehouse A covered space/shed where export cargo is received and import cargo stored/delivered; containers are stuffed/stripped or reworked; LCL exports are consolidated and import LCLs are unpacked; and cargo is physically examined by Customs. Export and import consignments are generally handled either at separate areas in a warehouse or in different nominated warehouses/sheds. 4. Gate Complex The gate complex regulates the entry and exist of road vehicles carrying cargo and containers through the terminal. It is place where documentation, security and container inspection procedures are undertaken. BENEFITS OF CFSs The main benefits from CFSs 1. Concentration points for long distance cargoes and its unitization. 2. Service as a transit facility. 3. Customs clearance facility available near the centers of production and consumption 4. Reduced level of demurrage and pilferage. 5. No Customs required at gateway ports. 6. Issuance of through bill of lading by shipping lines, hereby resuming full liability of shipments. 7. Reduced overall level of empty container movement. 8. Competitive transport cost. 9. Reduced inventory cost. 10. Increased trade flows. 11. In transit storage in a secure environment Revenue The revenue model of the C.F.S revolve around the following activities * Container HT * Ground Rent * Storage Charges * Empty Container Storage * Other Services. Container HT (Handling Transportation) The container handling and transportation are the charges that are charged by the C.F.S to the importer/exporter. These are the charges with respect to handling and transportation of the container from the port to the C.F.S in case of import and from the C.F.S to the port in case of export. Ground Rent Ground rent is the amount that the C.F.S gets with respect to the number of days a container remains lying at the C.F.S premises. It keeps on increasing with the more number of days the container is lying at the C.F.S. It is earned only in the case of import containers as once the container gets cleared from the C.F.S and gets Out Of Charge, it is the duty of the importer/CHA to get the goods removed from C.F.S whereas in the case of export, once the container is sealed and is ready to export, it is the duty of C.F.S to transport the container to the port. Storage Charges The storage charges include the warehousing charges that are levied upon depending on the nature and the requirement of the goods. For e.g. some goods require covered storage, refrigerated storage, or can be stored in the yard. In case of refrigerated containers, power outlets are provided and charged accordingly. It is earned in both the cases i.e. import as well as export. The goods are stored in the C.F.S premises and is charged accordingly. Empty Container Storage C.F.S also provides the facility of empty container storage for the container leaser company. Once a container is imported, cargo is destuffed and then till the next export consignment is assigned to that particular container, the owner of the container has to take it to some place to store it. He can take it anywhere he wants, for e.g. his own container yard but if it is too far, then he would have to bear huge transportation costs. Instead he could store his empty container in the C.F.S itself and pay its normal empty container rent, and when he receives the next consignment, he can shift his container to that particular C.F.S/ICD or he could even get that consignment in that particular C.F.S itself. If he gets a consignment there itself, then he would have to bear zero transportation cost. Other Services Apart from the above mentioned services, C.F.S provides with services like stuffing/destuffing of containers, charges for custom examination, palletisation, shrink wrapping, repair and maintenance of containers, cleaning the containers, etc. Due to the containers usage, it may get damaged as it is involved in activities like stuffing and destuffing, transportation and handling in the vessel and by road transportation. So it is common for containers to get damaged which involve minor dents to major cracks. These issues are taken care in the C.F.S and are repaired. Many times heavy cargo is loaded in the container which is very solid in nature, to prevent the container taking damage from it, plywood sheets are fixed inside the floor of the container. This is being done at the C.F.S too. THE BILL OF ENTRY The document on the strength of which clearance of imported goods can be effected is known as the Bill of Entry (B/E), the form of which has been standardized by the Central Board of Excise and Customs. The Bill of Entry should be type-written. TYPES OF BILL OF ENTRY All goods discharged from a vessel, from foreign or coastal ports, are cleared on Bills of Entry in the prescribed forms presented under the Bill of Entry Regulations, 1971. * Goods entered for home consumption are cleared on White Bills of Entry. * Goods entered for warehousing are removed into bond on Into Bond Bills of Entry (Yellow Bills of Entry). * Goods cleared ex-bond for home consumption on payment of duty on Ex-Bond Bills or Green Bills of Entry. WHEN TO PRESENT BILL OF ENTRY ? It should be presented for noting in the import department of the Customs House after the Import General Manifest which gives a detailed description item-wise of the goods brought by the concerned vessel is filed by the ships agent. A facility has been afforded to the ships agents to lodge this manifest 14 days in advance prior to arrival of the vessel. This concession has been given to facilitiate the importers Custom House Agent to keep the documents ready so that immediately on arrival of the vessel and landing of the cargo, the same could be cleared on examination and payment of duty thereon without any loss of time. The date of presentation of the Bill of Entry is very important as the rate of duty applicable to the imported goods will be the rate which is in force on the date of presentation. FEATURES OF THE BILL OF ENTRY Salient features of the Bill of Entry which is to be presented for clearance of goods for home consumption are mentioned below : (1) Origin Vessels Particulars: The importer or his Clearing Agent has to give relevant particulars of the origin of the consignments and the vessel e.g. port of Shipment, country of origin (and country consignment if different), vessels name and rotation number and also Bill of Lading date. (2) Particulars of the Goods: In regard to the goods covered by the Bill of Entry, certain basic information has to be furnished by the importer which includes (I) Number and description, as well as marks and numbers of the packages; (ii) weight/volume/or number in so far as quantity is concerned;(iii) Description of the goods imported details to be given separately for each separate class of goods; (iv) Gross weight and total number of packages have also to be given. (3) Value: The importer has also to indicate assessable value in terms of Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962. For arriving at this assessable value he has also to give further break-up of invoice value, freight, insurance, exchange rate, loading and local agency commission, miscellaneous charges and landing charges (taken into consideration for the assessable value) (4) Duties Leviable: The form has separate columns for indicating Customs tariff heading and exemption notification No. if any applicable. For purposes of contravening duty, there is separate column indicating the value, the rate and amount and the total amount of duty on the goods both in figures and words to be indicated by pin-point typewriter. (5) Codes: For certain statistical purposes (which is the basis of Foreign Trade Statistics), certain code numbers have also to be indicated by the importer while filing the Bill of Entry which include Port Code, Custom House Agent Code, Importer Code, Country of origin/Consignment Code, Unit Code, Currency Code, etc. (6) Declaration of Importers/Clearing Agent: Besides the information of the type referred to above, certain declarations have to be furnished by the importer and his authorized Custom House Clearing Agent wherever the Bill of Entry is processed through a Clearing Agent. Some of these declarations have to be signed by the importer himself. These specifically include declaration about correctness of the contents of the goods described in the Bill of Entry (being in accordance with the invoice and other documents), corrections of the price/value. Declaration whether the goods have been purchased on outright purchase/consignment basis and whether the importer has any connection with the supplier/manufacturer. Importers declarations are furnished and signed by him on the reverse of the Bill of Entry. In cases when an importer clearing his goods through a Custom House Agent, does not have his office at the port, the declarations may be signed by the importers on a separate sheet of paper which may be attached to the reverse of the bill of entry. The Appraiser may make the final assessment after the C.H.A pastes the declaration on the reverse of the Bill of Entry. Bill of Lading The Bill of Lading is the document which proves that the goods are being loaded at the P.O.O (Port Of Origin). In case of imports, the importer has to show the Bill Of Lading which proves that the goods were actually loaded in the vessel. The Bill Of Lading is signed by the master of the ship who represents the vessels owner. The main function of the B/L is that it proves that an actual valid contract is being carried out and that the vessel owner knows about the cargo that is loaded in his vessel. Import Procedure with respect to C.F.S The import procedure for containerized cargo is done in two ways. They are 1. Doc. Destuffing 2. Factory Destuffing Doc. Destuffing In Doc. Destuffing, the destuffing of the containerized cargo happens at the C.F.S premises. * The Importer/Exporter/CHA first submits copies of IGM (Import General Manifest) OBL to the C.F.S authorities along with a request for movement of Imported(Loaded) Containers in advance. * After the arrival of the containers, permission is taken from the AC/DC (Assistant Commissioner/Deputy Commissioner) and then the goods are allowed to be moved to the C.F.S. * Then the C.F.S will arrange for transportation of the Imported Containers from the Customs area in the port. If the container seals are found to be broken, then first the port authorities check it and only after their permission, the goods are allowed to be dispatched from the port to the C.F.S. All the Custom formalities that include the physical examination of goods are then carried out at the C.F.S premises. * After this, the B/E (Bill of Entry) is being filed, the Assessing Officer in appraising group assesses the duty liability, notes any exemption if any and checks whether there are no restrictions on the goods being imported. * Then the containers are destuffed. It is being done in the presence of the Custom Officer after verifying the Container number and the seal number. Then a destuffing sheet is prepared which verifies the cargo in the container with the IGM and it is being signed by the Custom Officer, the Importer/CHA, and the C.F.S representative as a legal proof. * Then the B/E is again presented to the Shed Appraiser for physical examination of the goods. * After destuffing the cargo, the goods will be stacked in the import warehouse or the container yard wherever they are to be kept as per the request of the importer. * Then the importer/CHA pays the duty on the imported goods according to the rate of duty of the goods. If the Importer/CHA fails to pay the duty within 7 days period (from the date of of Bill of Entry to him).The Importer/CHA shall obtain freshchallanof payment of duty along with interest accrued there on. For the dispatch of the goods from the C.F.S, the importer/CHA has to clear all the custom duties and the charges of C.F.S. * After all the payment is made, the Appraiser/Superintendent endorses the Out Of Charge. From here the importer can take his goods from the C.F.S and can have it delivered. He can have the cargo delivered to him loose or can have the cargo loaded in the container while being delivered to him as per his wish. For the cargo to come inside the container, he has to pay extra charges to the owner of the container. * The empty containers arising out of destuffing can be stored in the C.F.S and can taken out once the container owner/container leasing companies produce the proof of export of the container and can thus take their containers to other C.F.S or ICDs for stuffing. Assessing Officer The basic function of the assessing officer in the appraising groups is to determine the duty liability taking due note of any exemptions or benefits claimed under different export promotion schemes. They have also to check whether there are any restrictions or prohibitions on the goods imported and if they require any permission/license/permit etc and if so whether these are forthcoming. Assessment of duty essentially involves proper classification of the goods imported in the customs tariff having due regard to the rules of interpretations, chapter and sections notes etc., and determining the duty liability. It also involves correct determination of value where the goods are assessable on ad valorem basis. The assessing officer has to take note of the invoice and other declarations submitted along with the bill of entry to support the valuation claim, and adjudge whether the transaction value method and the invoice value claimed for the basis of assessment is acceptable. He also ta kes note of the contemporaneous values and other information on valuation available with the Custom House. Cargo not taken by importers After notice to importer and approval of customs for valuation, cargo not removed within 60 days is sold through public auction and proceeds are used to recover costs of auctions, customs duty and companys charges. Factory Destuffing Factory Destuffing is a procedure wherein the importer wants to unload the cargo from the container at his own premises. In this, the container can be brought directly to the importers premises to unload. For factory destuffing, the importer has to take prior permissions from the CEDC and from the port authorities. In this, the procedure is same as to Doc. Destuffing till its being brought to the C.F.S. Once inside the C.F.S, the Custom authorities verify the container seal number. Generally, the seal is not broken here but if the Custom authorities have any doubt, then they can open the container and verify. After this, the container is being transported to the importers premises and can be opened there. But it can be only opened in the presence of a CEDC authority. A CEDC representative personally goes to the importers premises and then only in his presence, the seal is verified and then it is broken. Then destuffing happens and the CEDC personnel signs the destuffing document alon g with the importer. Here the C.F.Ss role is to transport the container from the port to the C.F.S and then all the documentation and the payment of duty is done there and the Seal verification by the Customs is also done there itself. Thus the C.F.S charges the importer accordingly. Various permissions have to be taken by the importer for Factory Destuffing and has a lot of regulations involved in it even when the cargo is being loaded at the port of origin. It is useful for cargo that is delicate, that requires special care when it is loaded/unloaded and gets damaged when frequently shifted. In the case of factory destuffing, the importer after taking prior permissions from the customs, files the line D.O with the port authorities. He has to file the B/E accompanied by all necessary documents including invoice, packing list, bill of lading, import license, declaration under rule 10 of the customs valuation rules 1988, OGL declaration, chartered engineers certificate etc. One separate set of essential documents like invoice, packing list, bill of lading, importer declaration under rule 10 of customs valuation rule 1988 etc. shall be pasted on the reverse of original Bill of Entry. He has to file the Bill of Entry for Home Consumption. Export Procedure with respect to C.F.S * First the exporter files Shipping Bills to the port authorities, and to the C.F.S authorities as well. * The shipping bill is submitted in the system and is marked by the Superintendent(Exports) * After verifying the value of the goods that are being exported, AC/DC call in for the samples that are being exported and if being felt necessary, then they will put those samples to test. * After checking and approval of samples by AC/DC, export documents are to be filed i.e. invoice, packing list, quality certificate, buyers order, etc. to the Noting Clerk and he will then assign a serial number to the Shipping Bill. * Then the Shipping Bill is passes on the Appraiser. The Appraiser notes down the content of goods being exported and if any benefits are to be provided to the exporter under any scheme. For e.g. DEPB. * Then the shipping bill is presented the Examination Officer/Inspector who examines the goods that are to be exported in presence of the CHA/Importer with their packing list. First the loose cargo is brought into the C.F.S and on the receipt of Goods, the Shed in charge records landing certificate on the Shipping Bill itself. * After examining the goods, the Let Export order is given to the shipping line and goods are allowed to be stuffed in the container. * Then cargo is stuffed into the empty containers. The empty containers can be lying inside the C.F.S which could be of any container leaser or can be brought inside the C.F.S. The stuffing of container is known as carting. The carting takes place in the warehouse or the container yard depending upon the nature of cargo. * After the stuffing has taken place in front of the Custom Officer, the container is sealed with Customs One Time Keyless Bottle Seal. This seal is key less and the seal has to be broken to open the container to maintain safety. After this seal has been put on, the container is ready to be exported and the C.F.S arranges for the containers transportation to the port. * On arrival of the container at the port, if the seal is found to be broken, then again the container has to be taken back to the C.F.S and again cargo verification is

John Websters Play The Duchess of Malfi Essay -- Webster Duchess Malf

John Webster's Play The Duchess of Malfi In the opening of The Duchess of Malfi takes place between Delio and Antonio, a steward of the Duchess and his friend. Webster makes his audience aware that Antonio has journeyed outside Malfi, to France. The words "France, Frenchman, French" all appear within the first four lines of the text, a blunt indicator to ensure that the audience, however inattentive, grasps the point that Antonio has been absent from Malfi. He supports this point by referring to the timespan since Antonio last saw Delio, "You have been long in France." The word "long" suggests that a considerable time has passed since he was last resident in Malfi. Equally, Delio's description of Antonio, as a "very formal frenchman in habit" infers that Antonio had been in France for long enough to adopt French fashions, rather than his native Italian dress. Altogether, Webster, in the opening burst sets up Antonio as a stranger to Malfi, but an adopted resident of the French court. Thus, when Delio asks the open ended-question the audience appreciate Antonio speaks from experience built from a lengthy duration in France: "How do you like the French court?" Webster's question does not ask a specific question, rather it demands a lengthy reply. Antonio's response is not the view of an outsider whose short stay failed to unearth negative aspects of the foreign reign. Instead he speaks from fact due to the time he spent in France. The reply is informative, as expected from a character who is cast as a "formal frenchman" with a straightforward answer then an extended explanation. Antonio "admires" the French system, which he sets up as the benchmark from which the audience must view the court of Mal... ...tonio's admiration of the uncorrupt French court. Equally, where Antonio favours the French court, he also favours the Duchess, then gives a list of the reasons for doing so. It is therefore assumed that they are the "silver drops" in the corrupt state, set to contrast against the corruption of the brothers. The final two characters of the act I feel are dramatic constructs. Delio is used by the writer in this scene so that Antonio can speak candidly about France. By speaking to a friend, the audience value his comment more than were it to be made in public to a group of people. Delio is also used later in the act to hold the plot together, when Antonio points out the duke and describes him as a scoundrel. "This is the Duke of Calabriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The devils speak (in him)." Bosola is crafted in a similar way. The authorial mouthpiece of Antonio cannot intensely

Essay --

Since the early 20th century, the Scottish penal system has gone through numerous transformations as the society changes and grows, including the important period where Scotland struggled to create it’s own identity, separate from the rest of the UK. These developments have been pivotal in regards to the modernization of the Scottish Criminal Justice system, which is often described as being made up of a complex set of processes and involves many different bodies . Over the past decade, the main problem at hand is that Scotland, a relatively small country in the scheme of things, has a serious problem with imprisonment , meaning that we have a higher imprisonment rate than nearly anywhere else in Western Europe. Recent research has shown that it sends over twice as many people to prison than the similarly sized countries within Europe , but in a debate on penal policy in 2007, the Cabinet Secretary for Justice Kenny MacAskill, stated that â€Å"the Government refuses to belie ve that the Scottish people are inherently bad or that there is any genetic reason why we should be locking up twice as many offenders as Ireland or Norway.† The aim of this essay will be to look at the recent changes within Scotland’s penal system, and whether this ‘imprisonment crisis’ has been the outcome of penal developments in the past. Following the completion of the Second World War, Scotland (and the rest of the UK) was a place where a boost in the welfare state led to penal welfarism being key, which Garland argues that ‘reform and social intervention were plausible responses to crime and that alternatives to prison were healthy’ . This ideology meant that during this period the overall consensus was that rehabilitation was more heavily used, as prison... ...h the modern society. The developments in penal reform and policies in Scotland have grown with the creation of modern Scotland. Devolution fundamentally changed the nature of criminal justice in Scotland, and the research as shown that increased political involvement and the need for has changed the penal policies over the past few decades. Pre-devolution it was clear that policy-making was carried out in partnership between civil servants and agencies with a rate of change, but the introduction of devolution propelled policy-making into an unstable and heavily politicised environment, which was never the case before, where it now answers to political expediency and the political cycle and this forced the Scottish Criminal Justice Service to take shape become what it is today to deal with the new crime and punishment issues that were revolutionizing over time.

Potential Hazards in Health and Social Care Essay

Introduction For this assignment I am going to produce an information booklet for new employees. Within this information booklet I will be explaining potential hazards and the harm that these hazards may arise in health and social care settings. My chosen service user group is the elderly infirm. The working environment in which I will be identifying the hazards is a care home for the elderly. When working with the elderly it is important that you take health and safety into consideration, this is because the elderly are starting to become frail and weak, their movements start to become slower and moving around alone can be a lot harder and may require the support of staff or other aids to get from A to B. This is why it is important that there are no hazards in place which could harm or cause injury to the clients. A hazard is something around you that could cause harm to you. There are different types of hazards, health hazards are incidents that could lead to someone getting ill. Safety hazards are incidents which can lead to someone getting injured and damage to a property or building. Security hazards are all about intruders whom put service users at harm for example, theft of the building, service users being taken without consent and accessing confidential information without any consent. I am going to be explaining hazards from the bellow areas and explaining how they can be harmful to the service users and staff; Environment Equipment Infections Substances Working conditions Working practice Security systems Environmental Environmental hazards are things within your environment which could cause harm to clients and staff. Environmental hazards include things such as the temperature of rooms, the pollution, objects and many others. An environmental hazard that could put clients at risk of harm is poor lighting within a room. This can affect those elderly clients who have poor vision; poor lighting makes it hard to see when moving around this could lead to someone tripping over and falling, it is also frustrating for the client and could cause confusion. This hazard could also put the staff at risk of harm to; for example if a room is too dim and they are guiding a client around the room and because of the poor lighting they are unaware of the table leg and they then trip over it, not only will they hurt themselves put they are also putting the client at risk to as the client may not be stable enough to stand on their own without any help. It is important that the lighting in all rooms within the care home are set the right way and this is to avoid these unexpected trips and falls, even though they may seem only minor but clients within the home have started to become frail and weak and if they end up falling and tripping over it could really have a big impact on them. â€Å"Slips, trips and falls can have a serious impact on the lives of employees and those being cared for† HSE (04/10/2014) If a client’s room is unclean and is full of clutter on the floor this can be hazardous to the client because if they get up and move around they could end up falling over the clutter and damaging themselves. It is also a major trip hazard for staff as they could be trying to get a client out of bed and because of the mess they end up tripping over it they then are at the risk of injury and could then be off from work because of they are injured. It is important that within the care home no objects are left on the floor, the floors should be clean, they shouldn’t be left wet and if they are wet then there should be a sign there to support the hazard and this is so that the clients are safe to walk around without the risk of them getting hurt. If the room temperature is set too high or too low this can be hazardous to the clients, as they have become older their immune systems have become weaker which means that they can catch illnesses quickly and it is hard for them to maintain their body temperature. If the temperature in a client’s room is set on low this could then lead to the client getting a cold and a cough. If the temperature in a client’s room is set too high and the client is unaware of it, it can then put the client at risk of becoming dehydrated and may sweat due to their body being over heated. In care homes it is important that each room is fitted with central heating this way the temperature of rooms can be manually set to meet the client’s needs. Equipment In a care home it is important that all equipment is used correctly and safely in order to ensure your clients and staff are not at risk of harm. Hazards from equipment include things such as; unsafe practise, poor maintenance, how tidy the place is and many more. In the living room of the care home there will be a lot of electrical equipment, it is important that there are no over loaded plug sockets, if there are any over loading plug sockets then it puts both the clients and the staff at risk of being electrocuted if they touch it. When plug sockets are all together and are live they can get heated up too much, if it is touched then the person could be left with burns and bruises. Overloading plug sockets can also cause a fire to the home and this incident could lead to death of clients and service users and this why it is important that safe practise is put into consideration. All electrical should be checked regularly to see if they are still in good working order and still are safe to use. It is important that within the care home there is a regular maintenance check and all this is recorded. This is because if the equipment is not safe to use but is still being used unware by the clients and it puts them at danger as the equipment could blow a fuse and injure them. For example, the kettle in the kitchen was last checked two months ago, within the two months a problem could have occurred without anyone knowing and when someone uses it, it then causes injury to  them. This is why it is important that all electrical’s are checked regularly to ensure safety. Within the care home where the staff are based there will be computers for staff to complete their work on. If the computer is positioned too high this can cause harm to the member of staff who is using the computer as they may be straining their neck whilst having to keep looking up at the computer screen. If the member of staff is constantly looking into the computer screen this then can strain their vision and may suffer from headaches. All used equipment should all be put away and nothing should be blocking any areas of the care home, it is mostly important that there is nothing blocking any of the safety exits as this will then put everyone in the building at risk when trying to evacuate if the fire alarm has alerted to do so. Especially for the elder clients as there mobility has become slower and it will take time for them to get out of the building and if for some reason they are blocked they could end up falling over things whilst trying as fast as they can to rush out of the building. A major trip hazard could be wires left on the floor, for example if a member of staff is using the hoover to clean the clients rooms and have gone from one room to the other whilst leaving the wire on the floor; anyone who is walking past could be at risk of falling and tripping over the wire. Whether it is a member of staff who is supporting a client around the hall or a client who has poor mobility and is trying to get around and does not see the wire then ends up falling over, this then could lead to them having sprained bones and some may suffer from broken bones. Infections- Whilst working in care settings it is important that you take infection control into consideration. Not only for the safety of your service users but for your own safety and health to. If infection control is not controlled it can lead to people getting ill and especially in a care home setting like so where elderly adults are they are at risk of quickly catching illness and infections. This is because as they have become older  their body has slowly weakened which means that their immune system isn’t as strong as before and fighting infections can become harder. â€Å"Infections acquired in care homes may be serious and, in some cases, life-threatening. These may worsen underlying medical conditions and adversely affect recovery† GOV.UK (2013) Within the care home the use of injections are used quiet frequently, it is important that after the injection has been used it is disposed straightaway in the right area and this is the member of staff’s responsibility to do so. If this is not done then the service users and staff are at risk of bacteria being spread and also because the injections carry body fluids such as blood, if it is passed on then the body fluids carry infections such as Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C and HIV. Needles are also sharp and can cause injury to the clients and staff users if they are around and not disposed after use. Personal hygiene should be taken into consideration in the care home, staff should be aware of their personal hygiene. They should be washing their hands the right way frequently after touching different things and when working with different client, or the use of hand gel is used a lot this is so germs and viruses are not spread between staff and clients. If they are spread then they are at the risk of catching illnesses and infections. This can affect the staff member as then they would have to take time of work for recovery and will affect the client as they will become ill and have to stay in bed and take more medication if needed which may affect their care needs. Staff should also be taking the clients personal hygiene needs into consideration and this is because as they have become older they rely more on the staff to do things for them. Staff should be asking the client whether they would like to take a bath or change clothes, this is so they are not spreading germs around the care home and putting other at risk. Substance- Within the care home many different substances are used which are hazardous to the clients and staff if they are used the wrong way. In the care home there are many types of substances found from cleaning products to  medication. A very hazardous cleaning substance used in the care home is bleach, if bleach is being misused or being used by accident it can cause really bad harm to the person. Bleach is full of chemicals and if it has been drunk can cause burns to the throat and the inside of your stomach is affected. Many elder clients may suffer from dementia and may not understand that it is bleach and may drink it because they think it is a drink. This is why it is important that staff store it in the right place with a lock so that it is only accessed when needed to stop this harmful substance from causing harm to any of the client’s staff. It is quiet easy within a care home to give the wrong medication out; this is because there are many different clients who all take different types of medication. But if medication is swapped around this can cause harm to the clients, each medication is used for its own reason they may have side effects that strongly affect a client which can make them become ill and other side effects that could harm the clients are things such as drowsiness and nausea. Also it can affect them as they may be unware of the dosage use and could end up taking an overdose. Clients whom suffer from dementia are at high risk of taking an over dose and this is because they forget about when they are supposed to take their medication and how much medication they are supposed to take. If the wrong medication is took for the wrong illness it can cause other illnesses, such as if someone by accident takes Arthritis tablets they can cause harm to the stomach and stomach ulcers can occur which can effect a person’s eating and health. Working Conditions- Working conditions are about the way you work, such as working hours, how many staff work and the relations between staff. All these conditions also have impacts on the clients within the care home. As care assistants working hours can be very long, many care assistants do day time shifts where they will be caring for the clients all day long then  pass on the information to the next night time shift workers when their shift is over. It is important that carers take their own health and wellbeing into consideration. They can become quiet tiered after long hours which do mean their ability to work will change, it will make them make unexpected mistakes and accidents may happen. This then puts the clients at danger when they are being cared for, they could end up being given the wrong medication or overdoses can be given. When working in care setting it is important that staff have a good relation with each other, this is because you are caring for other people and looking after venerable adults needs. Staff will need to be able to share information with other staff member revolving the clients, if the right information is not shared then the client’s needs are not going to be met the right way which then puts the client in danger of neglect. For example it is coming to the end of the day shift and notes have been made about a certain client which involves information such as when the client last had medication, when the client was last changed etc., it is then the responsibly of the staff to share and explain the information to the next member of staff because if this is not done so, without knowing the next member of staff could go and give the patient a dose of medication not knowing that they have just had a dose which then again puts the client at risk of a medication overdose and may suff er from harmful side effects. If there is not enough staff on shift the clients are not being able to get their needs met, this is because the shortage of staff means some clients may not be seen to when they need to because the staff members are busy dealing with other clients. Clients are then at risk of accidents as a client could be needing the toilet but because there is not any staff around to take them they end up wetting their selves and some clients may be at danger of falling if they feel they have to get up their self and they may have poor mobility which means they may end up falling when trying to get up and are at risk of breaking bones and being in pain for a long time. Working Practices- Working practises is about the way you do your job and how safely you do them  in order to not cause harm to your clients. Working practices include the training you have had in certain areas and how you use them skills gained to care for the clients within the home. Some examples of working practices are things such as; Manual Handling Training, working with challenging behaviour and preparing foods. It is important that all rules and regulations are followed when working in care settings, if you do not follow rules and regulations not only are you putting clients at risk of harm but you are also putting yourself at risk to. Every member of staff should be aware of the fire regulations and should know what to do if a fire occurs. If staff to do follow the set of rules that have been set for fire procedures they are putting their own life’s and clients life’s at risk, in a care home as the clients are older their mobility may be slow so may need help trying to get out of the building safely, staff should ensure the they are getting the clients are getting out safely and nothing is blocking the exits. If rules are not followed on time and the right way then they are at risk of being burnt and getting hurt. In order to care for clients well; certain training is needed, such as a Manual Handling. Before any staff member can lift a client they have to be trained in Manual Handling. This piece of training makes staff aware of the risks that could occur to both the staff and client if they do not lift clients the right way. If a member of staff goes to lift a heavy patient out of bed without having any training in this they can be putting their self and the client at risk, they could end up dropping the client which will hurt them and may end up getting injured and could also be putting their selves at risk because they could get bad back pains or fracture a bone which means they have to take time of work. So handling people should be taken into consideration at all times in order to keep people out of danger. All staff need to be trained in preparing food the right way, they need to be aware of the rules and regulations that should be followed in the kitchen. They should be aware of things such of cross contamination and this is about the germs being spread from different things, if cross contamination takes place it puts whoever is going to eat the food at risk of being food  poisoned. Within the kitchen area there should be different coloured chopping boards for different foods, these should be used correctly in order to prevent cross contamination from taking place. Staff should be taking personal hygiene into consideration, ladies should have their hair tied up and a hair net should be worn and this is because hair caries all sorts of bacteria and germs and if it goes in the food it can put people at risk. After touching different foods hands should be washed straightaway so infections are not spread. Security Systems In order to keep everyone safe in the care home security systems have to be put forward. If security systems are put forward it stops intruders from entering the building. Within care homes at the front is a locked door this stops unexpected visitors from entering the building and stops clients from leaving the building without any consent. Usually there is a signing in and out book so staff are aware if who is in the building and who isn’t. If intruders do enter the building it puts clients at risk of being abducted. Personal and important information is held within the care home which is all confidential, this shouldn’t be accessed when not needed and should only be accessed by the right people. If information is accessed by an intruder this is wrong and shouldn’t be happening because all clients have a right to confidentiality. If this sort of information is stored on the computer then there should be a high security password that only certain people know otherwise if the information is stored in files then the cabinet should have a lock on it to stop unauthorised people getting to it. Other security systems should be put into place within the care home such as windows which do not open fully, if a window does open fully then clients are at risk of falling especially if it is upstairs. They will then be at risk of suffering major or minor head injuries. Before staff are allowed to work in the care setting it is important they carry out a DBS check which checks to see if they have had any previous criminal offenses. If this check is not carried out and staff whom have been  previously convictions are working with clients are putting the clients at risk of abuse, or harm as they are vulnerable and may not understand. That is why it is important that appropriate staff are looking after the clients in order to keep all clients safe at all times whilst they are living in the care home. Conclusion- In order for the above hazards talked about in this booklet not to occur in the care home for the elderly infirm. I think that it is very important that before anything risk assessments should be carried out to look for all the potential hazards which could cause harm to the clients and staff in this environment. If the hazards are looked at beforehand control measures can be put into place which could stop the hazard from occurring. This way the clients will get to live within a safe environment without being at risk. Staff will be able to work and deliver their care in a safe environment to the clients. Also when the care home is under inspection they will be given a good reputation which mean staff will get to keep their jobs and clients can live securely in the care home. Bibliography HSE (2014). Slips and trips in Health and Social Care. (04/10/14) GOV.UK (2014). What are risks? The effects of heat on health. (04/10/14) GOV.UK (2013) Infection Prevention And Control In Care Homes. (04/10/14) NHS Professionals (2010) Standard Infection Control Precautions. (04/10/14) www.dh.gov.uk (04/10/14) Moonie, N. (2010). BTEC Level 3 national health and social care. London:Edexcel